First Fossil Record of Polypore Fungus Beetles from Lower Cretaceous Amber of France

The first fossil genus and species of Tetratomidae (Coleoptera) is described, from the Lower Cretaceous amber deposits of France. The new genus represents the first insect to be recognized inside an opaque piece of amber, through the use of propagation phase contrast X-ray microtomography using synchrotron radiation. This new finding proves the capabilities of this imaging technique in amber inclusions, as well as increases the knowledge of fossil tenebrionoids, a group scarcely recognized in the Cretaceous fossil record.


Introduction
Beetles are the most diverse group of animals, constituting more than 20% of the total animal biodiversity on Earth. The first record of this order is from the Asselian to earliest Sakmarian of Grügelborn/Saarland (Germany) and the Artinskian of Obora (Czech Republic) as the putative Pennsylvanian beetle from Mazon Creek (USA) (after Béthoux 2009) does not belong to this clade (Ponomarenko 2002;Kirejtshuk et al. 2014). In Triassic deposits, beetles already comprise the major part of the insect diversity in most outcrops. In the Upper Cretaceous entomofauna, about 50% of the Recent families are already recognized (Ponomarenko 1995(Ponomarenko , 2002. Even though beetles are very common as fossils, the study of the anatomy and systematics of these specimens is scarce, especially for Mesozoic fossils. This has been attributed to several factors, such as the incompleteness of the fossil specimens, the lack of sufficient diagnostic characters in many families (descriptions based only on Recent material) and the autapomorphic states of characters in many Mesozoic fossil beetles (Ponomarenko 1995(Ponomarenko , 2004Krell 2006). Therefore, beetles are generally excluded from most of the monographs on fossil localities where insects are found, and thousands of specimens remain unstudied in collections all over the world.
The use of some new three-dimensional imaging techniques, such as Synchrotron X-Ray microtomography (Tafforeau et al. 2006;Lak et al. 2008;Soriano et al. 2010), can render and characterize the maximum level of anatomical detail of fossil beetles, thus making it possible to study the systematic position of these specimens.
The specimen described was collected from the Archingeay-Les Nouillers amber locality (herein simplified as Archingeay), the most fossiliferous Cretaceous French amber deposit ). The Late Albian-Cenomanian period is one of the warmest of the last 140 million years. The climate was warm and humid, and the amber forest was located close to the sea shore or was at least temporarily under marine influence, probably an easturine area (Néraudeau et al. 2002;Girard et al. 2009). The resin is of gymnosperm origin.
The deposit is unique in that a large percentage of the inclusions represent litter fauna (Néraudeau et al. 2002;Adl et al. 2011). Coleopteran inclusions are not very frequent in this amber; members of the families Bostrichidae, unidentified Cucujoidea, Curculionidae, Limnichidae, Nemonychidae, Ripiphoridae, Staphylinidae, and Tetratomidae have been recognized or described (Perrichot et al. 2004.
Tetratomidae is a small family of Tenebrionoidea (13 genera and about species) (Nikitsky 1998;Lawrence and Leschen 2010), the members of which were formerly placed in numerous other families. Extant species of the subfamily Eustrophinae, of which this new taxon is a member, are known from the Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical (including Madagascar) and Oriental regions; they are notably absent from Australia and New Zealand (Pollock 2012

Material and methods
The specimen is included in a completely opaque piece of amber from the Lower Cretaceous of France. Due to the impossibility of surveying the interior of the piece due to the opacity, propagation phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography (afterwards PPC-SRμCT) was used to recognize any possible inclusion inside the amber. The specimen was scanned following the protocols described in Lak et al. (2008) with a set energy of 30 keV (using a double Si 111 Bragg monochromator) and 960 mm of distance between the camera and the sample. Scan acquisition consisted of 1999 images over 180º, with 0.7 s of exposure time, and 5.06 μ of voxel size. After the scan, the slices were reconstructed using a filtered back-projection algorithm adapted for local tomography applications (PyHST software, ESRF). The later three-dimensional processing was made using VGStudioMax 2.1 software (Volume Graphics, Heidelberg, Germany).
By using this method it is possible not only to examine the habitus of the fossil under all desirable angles, but also to see internal structures which are usually not available in fossil insects (structure of the head, thorax, abdomen and hidden hind wings). This method is especially interesting for future studies of the inclusions in Mesozoic amber which is very frequently opaque. More than 80% of the amber of French Late Albian is opaque and cannot be studied using conventional methods.
All the data regarding the scan adquisition parameters, including original reconstruction of the scan, parameters of acquisition, VGStudioMax segmentation file, stereolithographic surface file for 3D printing, plates and animations are available online in the ESRF Paleontological Database (http://paleo.esrf.eu) following the recommendation in Lak et al. 2008. Three ABS plus plastic models of this specimen have been produced, one housed in the University of Rennes I, one at Eastern New Mexico University and one at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
The original specimen is housed in the Laboratory of Palaeontology of the University of Rennes I, under the collection number IGR.ARC-330.1. The specimen is in the same piece with four other inclusions: one Hemiptera (Aphidoidea), one Lepidoptera, one Hymenoptera (?Chrysidoidea), and one undetermined insect.
Etymology: After the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, where the specimen was detected and reconstructed. This specimen is the first one ever discovered in opaque amber using a synchrotron. Type species: Synchrotronia idinineteena Soriano and Pollock sp. nov. here designated by monotypy.
Diagnosis.-Eyes widely separated, distance between them greater than diameter of single eye, slightly emarginate around antennal insertion; antennae elongate, extended posteriorly well beyond posterior pronotal margin, antennomeres 4-10 distinctly triangular, longer than wide, subequal in width, without distal club; prosternal process elongate, narrowed and rounded posteriorly, extended to midlength of mesoventrite, received in concavity on mesoventrite; tibiae simple, without series of transverse furrows; dorsal body surface seemingly glabrous, without obvious deep, coarse punctation or striation; base of pronotum without distinct pair of impressions. Head.-About two times narrower than base of pronotum. Labrum visible, about two times as wide as long. Three-seg-mented maxillary palpi: first palpomere two times as long as second, and nearly three times shorter than third, which is securiform and twice as broad as the two others. Eyes laterally inserted, very close to antennae, shallowly emarginate anteriorly. Antennae widely separated, subserrate, antennomeres 4-10 distinctly triangular, widest distally, without club. Antennomeres 1.3-2 times as long as wide, and 1.8-3 times wider distally than proximally, except for last one which is quite elliptical (two times as long as wide). First antennomere twice as long as wide and with a constriction at its basal third. Second and third antennomeres the shortest (scarcely half the length of first antennomere) and the narrowest, about 1.3 times as long as wide. Fourth and sixth as long as first one and slightly broader, 1.4 times as long as wide. Fifth antennomere slightly shorter and narrower than fourth and sixth however with similar proportion length/width. Antennomere 7-10 with same length as fourth, fifth, and sixth, while they are slightly wider, with proportion comparable to those of second and third antennomeres. Neck-like constriction not distinct, visible in sagittal cut (Fig. 2), but with a posterior carina meeting anterior margin of pronotum.

Synchrotronia idinineteena
Prothorax.-1.7 times wider than long, anteriorly rounded, widest posteriorly, broader than elytra at shoulders, with a lateral carina in its posterior 3/4; posterior margin bisinuate, posterolatral angles acute, but without groove; prosternal process long (3/4 of prosternum) and narrowed apically; sutures not visible; procoxal cavities seem to be closed and separated from each other. Mesothorax slightly shorter than prothorax; mesocoxal cavities rounded, a little longer than wide, separated by an elongate concavity for insertion of prosternal process; mid coxal cavities closed laterally by sterna. Metathorax parallel-sided, as long as pro-and me-  sothorax combined and approximately 1.8 times wider than long; metepimeron about two times as wide as long; metepisterna elongate and anteriorly narrowed; discrimen dividing metaventrite along half of its length from its posterior edge.
Prothoracic coxae.-very large and protruding; metacoxae transverse (about three times as wide as mesocoxae), extending laterally to elytra. Trochanters obliquely attached to femora, so that femora abut coxa. Meso-and metafemora almost as long as maximal length of metathorax; profemora slightly shorter; all femora three times as long as wide, quite flattened, slightly broadened from base to apical third, then narrowing more abruptly. Tibiae about twice as narrow as femora in widest part; protibiae curved in distal fourth, with a strong apical hook; meso-and metatibiae conical with apex two times as wide as base; two tibial spurs on each mesoand metatibia, approximately as long as widest part of tibia. Tarsal formula 5-5-4; last tarsomere with two short claws. Prothoracic tarsi with tarsomere 1 about four times shorter than prothoracic tibia, cylindrical with apex slightly bulging, tarsomeres 2, 3 and 4 each 0.5 times as long as tarsomere 1, tarsomeres 2 and 4 quite triangular; tarsomere 2 longer than wide and tarsomere 4 slightly wider than long; tarsomere 3 wider than long and bilobed; tarsomere 5 conical with widest part at apex. Mesothoracic and metathoracic tarsomeres cylindrical with apex slightly bulging, except for bilobed mesothoracic tarsomere 4 and metathoracic tarsomere 3; mid tarsomere 1 approximately 1.8 times as short as mesotibia; tarsomeres 2, 3 and 5 about two times shorter than tarsomere 1. Metathoracic tarsomere 1 almost two times as short as metatibia; tarsomere 2 two times as short as tarsomere 1; tarsomere 4 two times as short as tarsomere 2.
Abdomen.-Approximately as long as meta-and mesothorax together, with apex slightly rounded and five ventrites; tergites deformed because the abdomen is completely desiccated under the elytra.
Elytra.-Without striations or insertion of setae, probably smooth, approximately three times as long as wide, parallel-sided from their anterior margin for 2/3 of their length, then gradually narrowed; epipleurae visible on ventral face whole length of elytra, each approximately nine times as long as wide, strongly narrowing posteriorly and slightly curved; maximal epipleural width approximately equal to maximal width of metathoracic femora. Elytra covering most of pygidium. Metathoracic wings present, macropterous, hidden under elytra but visible in sagittal cut (Fig. 2).
Discussion.-Tetratomidae is an example of a relatively obscure group whose classification has become better understood through increased study of the larvae (e.g., Nikitsky 1998); historically, its constituents (especially the Eustrophinae) were placed in Melandryidae, but now have separate family status. The five subfamilies comprise 13 genera and approximately 140 species. As far as is known, all species are associated with decaying trees and/or tree-rotting fungi (Young and Pollock 2002;Lawrence and Leschen 2010;Pol-lock 2012), like the new fossil species S. idinineteena (Adl et al. 2011). Adults are active nocturnally and can be seen crawling on dead trees and fungal fruiting bodies. The species of Eustrophinae are all rather uniform in shape: subovate to oval, with convex dorsal surface. The Palaearctic fauna presently comprises four genera in two tribes: Holostrophini (Pseudoholostrophus Nikitsky, 1983, Holostrophus Horn, 1888 and Eustrophini (Eustrophus Illiger, 1802 and Synstrophus Seidlitz, 1898) (Nikitsky 1998;Young and Pollock 2002). The Holostrophini have an Asiamerican distribution, with three Nearctic species and about 20 from Russian Far East to the Oriental region. The Palaearctic Eustrophini are known from the Holarctic and Oriental regions, with only a single species-Eustrophus dermestoides (Fabricius, 1792)-known from western Europe. This species is widespread (ranging from Spain to Turkey) (Nikitsky 2008) and is the only one presently sympatric with the type locality of Synchrotronia. However, as discussed below, the holotype of S. idinineteena has greater affinity to the Holostrophini than to the Eustrophini.
The 5-5-4 tarsal formula exhibited by the type specimen place this new genus/species within Tenebrionoidea (= Heteromera auct.); other salient anatomical features place this taxon in Tetratomidae (sensu Nikitsky 1998), like the simple narrow tarsi of all legs, procoxae separated by a prosternal process combined with the simple metacoxa and the relatively short spurs of the metatibiae, and more specifically within the subfamily Eustrophinae. Two characters that are important in separating the two tribes within Eustrophinae are (i) furrowing (or lack) on meso-and metatibiae, and (ii) size and separation of eyes. Other characters, such as presence or absence of laminae on the metendosternite, are not ordinarily visible on amber inclusions. According to Nikitsky (1998), members of Holostrophini are characterized as having no tibial furrows and also smaller, more widely separated eyes. These latter characters are also present on the holotype of S. idinineteena; other features that lend support for a placement among the Eustrophinae (Holostrophini) include the subovate body shape, which is distinctly convex dorsally, the rather large prosternal process, and the bisinuate posterior pronotal margin.
Three features that are often considered diagnostic for this family are noteworthy, in relation to the single examined specimen of S. idinineteena: antennomere shape, basal pronotal impressions, and upper elytral surface. The antennae of S. idinineteena are unique among eustrophines, in that they are not clubbed, and that antennomeres 4-10 are distinctly triangular, and very similar in structure to each other. Adults of extant species possess antennae that range from slightly to distinctly clubbed (Nikitsky 1998;Pollock 2008Pollock , 2012; no phylogenetic analysis has been done for the Eustrophinae, or the Tetratomidae, but perhaps the clubbed antenna represent an apomorphic state. According to Nikitsky (1998) a key character for members of Eustrophinae is the presence of short, paired longitudinal impressions along the posterior margin of the prono-tum; these vary from being only slightly impressed, to being distinctly incised. The holotype of S. idinineteena seems not to have these impressions, however.
The fact that the holotype of S. idinineteena seems to be glabrous dorsally could be an artifact of the preservation process. However, it seems obvious that the elytra are not distinctly striate. Within Eustrophinae, members of Holostrophini also share this non-striate condition, whereas most members of Eustrophini have distinctly impressed elytral striae (Pollock 2008).
In summary, although based on only a single specimen, the holotype of S. idinineteena is sufficiently complete, and exhibits enough diagnostic features to warrant its placement within Tetratomidae: Eustrophinae: Holostrophini. The combination of features definitely indicates a new (and extinct) species, which cannot be placed into any described genus. Based on overall structural similarity, it seems closest to Pseudoholostrophus Nikitsky, 1983. It seems probable that the feeding preferences of the Cretaceous Synchrotronia are very similar to those of extant species of this tribe, i.e., various wood-rotting fungi.
This new finding represents the first record of the family Tetratomidae in the Cretaceous. Table 1 lists the other species of superfamily Tenebrionoidea described from this period. Nevertheless, the systematic position of many of these fossil taxa remains doubtful, due to the lack of anatomical characters. Future implementation of Synchrotron X-Ray tomog-raphy will surely aid to reconstruct the anatomy and more precise systematic placement of new insect taxa preserved in Cretaceous amber. Pseudohallomenus cretaceus Nikitsky, 1977 Upper Cretaceous-Santonian Russia Archaeoxylita zherichini Nikitsky, 1977 Upper Cretaceous -Santonian Russia Archaeserropalpus cretaceus Nikitsky, 2002 Upper Cretaceous-Turonian USA Pseudocuphosis tristis Nikitsky, 2002 Upper Cretaceous-Turonian USA